Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): An update of the literature and instrumental study with schoolchildren

Introduction: Considering the current controversy regarding the factorial structure of the SDQ, this paper aimed to analyse the dimensionality and reliability of the parents' version for children from 4 to 16 years of age, and to present descriptive data according to sociodemographic variables. Method: The factor structure of the original five- and three-factor models, and the reliability of the SDQ were examined among a sample of 621 parents of Uruguayan children between 7 and 12 years of age (52% girls) from different socioeconomic levels. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses did not provide support for the five- and three-factor models. Data adjusted to three factors (prosociality, externalising symptoms, internalising symptoms) in an exploratory analysis with adequate reliability indices. Conclusions: The results of this study show the relevance of continued investigation of the SDQ internal structure, and further analysis of the behaviour of several of its items.

Introducción: Considerando la controversia vigente respecto a la estructura factorial del SDQ, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar la validez de constructo y fiabilidad de la versión para padres de niños de 4 a 16 años y presentar datos descriptivos según variables sociodemográficas. Método: Se examinó la estructura factorial de los modelos originales de cinco y tres factores y la fiabilidad del SDQ en una muestra de 621 padres de niños uruguayos entre 7 y 12 años (52 % niñas) de distintos niveles socioeconómicos. Resultados: Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios no pudieron dar apoyo a los modelos de cinco y tres factores. Los datos se ajustaron a tres factores (prosocialidad, síntomas externalizantes y síntomas internalizantes) en un análisis exploratorio con adecuados índices de fiabilidad. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio muestran la pertinencia de continuar investigando la estructura interna del SDQ y analizar con mayor profundidad el comportamiento de algunos de sus ítems.

Calidad de vida en adolescentes. Un estudio longitudinal del impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 / Quality of life in adolescents. A longitudinal study of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Diversos estudios han informado que la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en adolescentes ha disminuido durante la pandemia por COVID-19. En este trabajo se analizó la CVRS en jóvenes de 13 a 17 años una vez finalizada la pandemia. Para ello se hizo un seguimiento en tres momentos diferentes: antes de la pandemia (2019), durante las restricciones de la pandemia (2021) y tras las restricciones de la misma (2022). Se utilizó un diseño de retardo temporal (time-lag design) en tres fases, con un total de 2027 adolescentes que cumplimentaron el cuestionario Kidscreen-10 de CVRS. Mediante modelos ANOVA y de regresión logística se analizó la influencia del género, la práctica deportiva y estar en tratamiento en salud mental. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un empeoramiento de la CVRS en 2021, cuando los jóvenes volvían a los centros educativos en régimen de semipresencialidad. Este descenso fue independiente del género. En 2022, una vez eliminadas todas las restricciones, la CVRS se recuperó a niveles prepandemia en los chicos, pero no en las chicas. Lo mismo ocurrió con los jóvenes en tratamiento de salud mental. En todos los casos, la práctica deportiva se mostró como un factor protector de la CVRS.(AU)

Several studies have reported that health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents has decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, HRQoL was analyzed in young people aged 13 to 17 years after the end of the pandemic. For this purpose, we followed up at three different points in time: before the pandemic (2019), during (2021) and af-ter the pandemic restrictions (2022).A time-lag design in three phases was used, with a total of 2027 adolescents completing the Kidscreen-10 HRQoL questionnaire. ANOVA and logistic regression models were used to analyze the influence of gender, playing sports and mental health treat-ment.The results obtained showed a worsening of HRQoL in 2021, when young people returned to school on a blended learning basis.This worsen-ing occurred regardless of gender. In 2022, once all restrictions were re-moved, boys recovered health-related quality of life to pre-pandemic levels, but this did not occur in girls. The same happened with young people in mental health treatment. In all cases, doing sports was shown to be a pro-tective factor for HRQoL.(AU)

Síndrome de Edorexia: un posible problema mental de la autorregulación del apetito en obesidad / Edorexia syndrome: a possible mental problem of appetite autoregulation in obesity

Fundamentos: En este trabajo, se aborda el problema de la obesidad desde una perspectiva biopsicosocial. Definiendo la obesidad como una consecuencia de la autorregulación del apetito y cuyas conductas tienen una finalidad psicológica relacionada con el alivio de emociones y situaciones aversivas. Basándose en la autorregulación del apetito, se observa el Síndrome de Edorexia y se analiza su relación con la obesidad, personalidad y estilos de afrontamiento. Métodos: La muestra se constituyó por 111 individuos universitarios (29 individuos con edoréxicos y 82 sinedoréxicos) que no realizaban actividad física intensa en gimnasios y no presentaban un trastorno mental severo. Se administraron a todos los participantes el Cuestionario del Síndrome de Edorexia (CSE), el Cuestionario de Personalidad (BFQ) y el Cuestionario de Respuesta de afrontamiento (CRI-A).Resultados: Se observa que el Síndrome de Edorexia guarda relación con el abuso y evitación de los alimentos. Además, predice mejor la obesidad en comparación con otras conductas. Conclusiones: Los estudios recientes vinculan la obesidad con un problema relacionado con la autorregulación del apetito y desde este enfoque, el Síndrome de Edorexia parece ser un buen predictor de la obesidad. Según estos trabajos, la inhibición y la desinhibición del consumo de alimentos pueden ser la estrategia empleada por el organismo para solventar una situación aversiva. Por este motivo, la obesidad puede entenderse como una consecuencia del conjunto de síntomas y conductas al que se denomina Síndrome de Edorexia y resultado de una situación en la cual el individuo no dispone de otras conductas, habilidades y recursos para afrontarlo de una manera más saludable. (AU)

Background: In this article, we approach the problem of obesity from a biopsychosocial perspective. Obesity is defined as a consequence of self-regulation of appetite and such that its’ behaviors have a psychological purpose related to the relief of emotions and aversive situations. Based on self-regulation of appetite, we describe Edorexia Syndrome and we analyze its relationship with obesity, personality and coping. Methods: The sample was constituted by 111 university students (29 edorexic and 82 non-edorexic) who didn’t practice intense physical activity in gyms and didn’t present a severe mental disorder. A battery of psychological tests was applied to the whole sample. This battery consisted of Edorexia Syndrome Questionnaire (CSE), Big Five Personality Questionnaire (BFQ) and the Coping Response Inventory (CRI-A). Results: The results showed that the Edorexia Syndrome is related to the abuse and avoidance of food. It also showed that Edorexia predicts obesity better than other behaviors. Conclusions: Recent studies related obesity with a problem of self-regulation of appetite and from this perspective, Edorexia Syndrome seems to be a good predictor of obesity. According to these articles, the inhibition and disinhibition of food consumption may be the strategy used by the organism to resolve an aversive situation. For this reason, obesity can be comprehended as a consequence of the set of symptoms and behaviors called Edorexia Syndrome and the result of a situation in which the individual does not have other behaviors, skills and resources to confront it in a healthier way. (AU)

Improving the reporting quality of reliability generalization meta-analyses: The REGEMA checklist.

Reliability generalization (RG) is a meta-analytic approach that aims to characterize how reliability estimates from the same test vary across different applications of the instrument. With this purpose RG meta-analyses typically focus on a particular test and intend to obtain an overall reliability of test scores and to investigate how the composition and variability of the samples affect reliability. Although several guidelines have been proposed in the meta-analytic literature to help authors improve the reporting quality of meta-analyses, none of them were devised for RG meta-analyses. The purpose of this investigation was to develop REGEMA (REliability GEneralization Meta-Analysis), a 30-item checklist (plus a flow chart) adapted to the specific issues that the reporting of an RG meta-analysis must take into account. Based on previous checklists and guidelines proposed in the meta-analytic arena, a first version was elaborated by applying the nominal group methodology. The resulting instrument was submitted to a list of independent meta-analysis experts and, after discussion, the final version of the REGEMA checklist was reached. In a pilot study, four pairs of coders applied REGEMA to a random sample of 40 RG meta-analyses in Psychology, and results showed satisfactory inter-coder reliability. REGEMA can be used by: (a) meta-analysts conducting or reporting an RG meta-analysis and aiming to improve its reporting quality; (b) consumers of RG meta-analyses who want to make informed critical appraisals of their reporting quality, and (c) reviewers and editors of journals who are considering submissions where an RG meta-analysis was reported for potential publication.

Social contact as a strategy for self-stigma reduction in young adults and adolescents with mental health problems.

This study assessed the effectiveness of a social contact program between young adults and adolescents with and without mental health problems. It was evaluated if the development of a social contact program in a non-segregated space and respecting criteria of contact hypothesis reduced Self-Stigma and Public Stigma and, increased Self-Esteem. A pre-post intervention design was used with a sample of 47 subjects, 25 with different mental health diagnoses (Psychotic Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Depression, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) and 22 without mental health problems, aged between 15 and 35 years. Five workshops of social contact and creativity were carried out during five months with a 2-h weekly meeting. The results analysis revealed a significant reduction in Self-Stigma for participants with mental health problems and may suggest a slight reduction in Public Stigma as well as a slight increase in the level of Self-Esteem of all participants. These findings suggest that programs of this nature reduce Self-Stigma and facilitate social inclusion in young adults and adolescents with and without mental health problems.

Effect of the dietary intake of melatonin- and hydroxytyrosol-rich wines by healthy female volunteers on the systemic lipidomic-related oxylipins.

Oxylipins are lipid mediators involved in the physiopathology of all organs. Moreover, isoprostanes have been established as general and reliable in vivo oxidative stress biomarkers. Red wine has proved to exert several benefits through the maintenance of the oxidative balance of the organism. Antiradical scavenging capacity has been mainly attributed to polyphenols. However, melatonin and hydroxytyrosol should be taken into account as potent antiradical agents. The present research aimed to clarify the situation of enzymatic and oxidative injury and eicosanoid urinary excretion related to the intake of three kinds of red wines and their primary musts. Judging by the reduction in the excretion of isoprostanes, red wine consumption exhibited the highest antioxidant protection against oxidative stress, attributed to its OHTyr content (p < 0.05), and to a lesser extent to its MEL content. Similarly, the intake of red wine leads to the cardioprotective effect due to the reduction in the urinary excretion of the pro-inflammatory prostaglandin 2,3-dinor-11-ß-PGF2α, besides the increase in the vasodilator prostaglandin PGE1, mediated by the melatonin (p < 0.05) and hydroxytyrosol (p < 0.05) contents. In conclusion, red wine (especially non-aged wine) exerts a higher in vivo antioxidant capacity than must or alcohol.

Entrenamiento psicológico en tiro olímpico: Estudio de un caso / Psychological training in olympic shooting: a case study / Treino psicológico no tiro olímpico: estudo de caso

Este artículo presenta una intervención psicológica con una tiradora olímpica de la modalidad pistola aire comprimido que presenta elevados niveles de estrés, ansiedad, síndrome de burnout y deseos de retirada deportiva. El objetivo fue reducir la sintomatología ansiosa y mejorar su rendimiento deportivo. La intervención tuvo una duración de doce meses y un seguimiento de seis meses. El entrenamiento psicológico estuvo compuesto por técnicas de planteamiento de objetivos, restructuración cognitiva, entrenamiento en parada de pensamiento, autoinstrucciones y técnicas de relajación y visualización. Tras la intervención psicológica desaparece el síndrome de burnout y mejoran los indicadores de estrés y ansiedad, aumentando el rendimiento deportivo de la tiradora y desapareciendo los pensamientos de abandono deportivo. Con esta investigación se pone de manifiesto la importancia del entrenamiento psicológico en los deportistas

This article sets out a psychological intervention on an Olympic shooter. She competes in the air gun class and shows high levels of stress, anxiety, burnout syndrome and desires to retire from the sport. The main objective was to cut down the symptoms of anxiety and to enhance her sporting performance. The intervention lasted twelve months and was followed up for six months. The psychological training was composed of target-setting techniques, cognitive restructuring, thought stopping training, self-instruction and relaxation and visualisation techniques. After the psychological intervention, the burnout syndrome disappeared and stress and anxiety indicators improved which meant that the shooter’s sporting performance increased and her desire to retire started to disappear. This research underscores the importance of psychological training in sport

Este artigo apresenta uma intervenção psicológica com uma atiradora olímpica da modalidade de pistola de ar comprimido que apresentaelevados níveis de stress, ansiedade, síndrome de burnout e desejos de retirada desportiva. O objectivo foi reduzir a sintomatologia ansiosa e potenciaro seu rendimento desportivo. A intervenção teve a duração de doze meses e um período de monitorização de seis meses. O treino psicológico foi compostopor técnicas de formulação de objectivos, restruturação cognitiva, treino em paragem de pensamento, auto-instruções e técnicas de relaxamento evisualização. Após a intervenção psicológica o síndrome de burnout foi eliminado, bem como os pensamentos de abandono desportivo. Por seu turno,verificou-se uma melhoria nos indicadores de stress e ansiedade, tal como no rendimento desportivo da atiradora. Com esta investigação comprova-sea importância do treino psicológico nos desportistas

Pensamiento constructivo como medida de inteligencia emocional en patología dual / No disponible

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio es comparar el pensamiento constructivo, una medida de inteligencia emocional, entre una muestra clínica de pacientes adultos diagnosticados de patología dual y una muestra no clínica. Método: Mediante un diseño de investigación comparativo, una muestra no clínica de 835 sujetos se comparó con una muestra de 180 sujetos diagnosticados de patología dual: 78 con trastornos clínicos o del Eje I y102 con trastornos de la personalidad o del Eje II, según criterios DSM-IV-TR. Resultados: Los resultados indican un pensamiento constructivo superior en la muestra no clínica, así como un pensamiento destructivo superior en la muestra con patología dual. No se apreciaron diferencias entre trastornos clínicos y de personalidad. Conclusiones: La muestra clínica presenta un patrón destructivo o desadaptativo de afrontamiento en comparación con población no clínica, que en el caso de pacientes con trastornos de personalidad se ve incrementado por ilusiones, supersticiones y pensamientos esotéricos que contribuyen a su afrontamiento deficitario

Introduction: The objective of this study is to compare the constructive thinking, a measure of emotional intelligence, between a clinical sample of adult patients diagnosed with dual diagnosis and a non-clinical sample. Method: By means of a comparative design of investigation, a not clinical sample of 835 subjects was compared with a sample of 180 subjects diagnosed of dual diagnosis: 78 with clinical disorders or of the Axix I and 102 with disorders of the personality or of the Axis II, according to DSM-TR-IV. Results: The results indicate a constructive thinking greater than in the non-clinical sample, as well as a destructive thinking higher in the sample with dual diagnosis. There were no differences between clinical disorders and personality. Conclusions: The clinic sample presents a destructive pattern of coping or no adaptative compared with non-clinical population, which in the case of patients with personality disorders is increased by illusions and superstitions and esoteric thoughts that contribute to their coping deficit

Trastorno de estrés postraumático en escolares tras el terremoto de Lorca (España) en 2011 / Post-traumatic stress disorder in schoolchildren after the 2011 earthquake in Lorca (Spain)

Objetivo Analizar la prevalencia del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) en menores al mes y al año del terremoto de Lorca, en 2011.MétodosMediante un diseño secuencial-transversal, 495 escolares al mes y 374 al año, de entre 8 y 12 años de edad, procedentes de centros educativos de la ciudad, fueron evaluados para TEPT completo y parcial utilizando la Children Postraumatic Stress Disorder Symtoms Scale. Resultados El 55,4% de los menores (65,6% niñas y 46,9% niños) presentaba TEPT al mes del seísmo, y el 40,1% (44,5% niñas y 35,9% niños) al año. Una de cada dos niñas pequeñas (8-10 años) presenta TEPT al año del terremoto. Discusión Se constata un efecto diferencial de sexo y edad: los menores más pequeños, especialmente las niñas, son colectivos de especial riesgo, incluso al año del desastre (AU)

Objective To determine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children after the 2011 earthquake in Lorca (Spain).Methods By using a cross-sequential design, children aged from 8 to 12 years (495 students at 1 month and 374 at 1 year) were assessed for full and partial PTSD using the Post-traumatic Children's Symptoms Stress Disorder Scale. Results The percentage of children with PTSD was 55.4% (65.6% of girls and 46.9% of boys) at 1 month and 40.1% (44.5% girls and 35.9% children) at 1 year. One in two young girls (8-10 years) had PTSD 1 year after the earthquake. Discussion A differential effect was observed due to gender and age, in which younger children, especially girls, were particularly at risk, even 1 year after the earthquake (AU)

[Post-traumatic stress disorder in schoolchildren after the 2011 earthquake in Lorca (Spain)]. / Trastorno de estrés postraumático en escolares tras el terremoto de Lorca (España) en 2011.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children after the 2011 earthquake in Lorca (Spain). METHODS: By using a cross-sequential design, children aged from 8 to 12 years (495 students at 1 month and 374 at 1 year) were assessed for full and partial PTSD using the Post-traumatic Children's Symptoms Stress Disorder Scale. RESULTS: The percentage of children with PTSD was 55.4% (65.6% of girls and 46.9% of boys) at 1 month and 40.1% (44.5% girls and 35.9% children) at 1 year. One in two young girls (8-10 years) had PTSD 1 year after the earthquake. DISCUSSION: A differential effect was observed due to gender and age, in which younger children, especially girls, were particularly at risk, even 1 year after the earthquake.

[A mixture model-based rater bias index]. / Un índice de sesgo entre observadores basado en modelos mixtura.

Mixture models are outstanding procedures to evaluate rater agreement that assume that the objects to be classified by two observers are extracted from a population that is a mixture of two finite subpopulations, the first one representing systematic agreement and the second one random agreement and disagreement. A generalization of the basic mixture model to include four subpopulations representing two latent variables with two classes allows us to preserve its nature (the fit of the model and the systematic subpopulation are the same) and to distinguish a subpopulation for random agreement and two subpopulations for disagreement (one for the upper triangle and the other for the lower triangle of contingency table). In this context, it is possible to define a new rater bias measure based on a mixture model, which is similar to the descriptive index proposed by Ludbrook.

Un índice de sesgo entre observadores basado en modelos mixtura / A mixture model-based rater bias index

Los modelos mixtura son procedimientos apropiados para la valoración del acuerdo entre dos (o más) observadores que asumen que los objetos a clasificar se extraen de una población que constituye una mezcla de dos subpoblaciones finitas, la primera de las cuales representa acuerdo sistemático y la segunda acuerdo aleatorio y desacuerdo. Una generalización del modelo mixtura básico a cuatro subpoblaciones que representan dos variables latentes con dos clases cada una permite preservar su naturaleza (el ajuste del modelo y la subpoblación de acuerdo sistemático son iguales) y distinguir además una subpoblación para el acuerdo aleatorio y dos subpoblaciones para el desacuerdo (una para el triángulo superior y otra para el triángulo inferior de la tabla de contingencia). En este contexto es posible definir una medida de sesgo entre observadores basada en modelos mixtura similar al índice descriptivo propuesto por Ludbrook

Mixture models are outstanding procedures to evaluate rater agreement that assume that the objects to be classified by two observers are extracted from a population that is a mixture of two finite subpopulations, the first one representing systematic agreement and the second one random agreement and disagreement. A generalization of the basic mixture model to include four subpopulations representing two latent variables with two classes allows us to preserve its nature (the fit of the model and the systematic subpopulation are the same) and to distinguish a subpopulation for random agreement and two subpopulations for disagreement (one for the upper triangle and the other for the lower triangle of contingency table). In this context, it is possible to define a new rater bias measure based on a mixture model, which is similar to the descriptive index proposed by Ludbrook

Sociodemographic, psychological and health-related factors associated with poor mental health in Spanish women and men in midlife.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this work was to examine the sociodemographic, psychological, and health-related factors (considered jointly) associated with poor mental health in midlife and to analyze whether risk and protective factors differed in men and women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a middle-class sample of 252 women and 189 men between 45 and 65 years of age from Spanish rural areas. Mental health status was measured with the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12; Goldberg & Williams, 1988). Multiple logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios with confidence intervals of 95%, adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS: The percentage of women (14.3%) with poor mental health was twice that of the men (7.4%). In women, the following variables were significantly and positively related to poor mental health: consumption of psychoactive drugs, physiological and cognitive anxiety; self-esteem and family satisfaction were protective factors. For men, physical complaints and cognitive anxiety were significant risk factors, and job satisfaction was a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the psychological variables were more clearly related to poor mental health. Women had a more unfavorable profile, and the variables related to poor mental health differed for men and women, perhaps due to social roles associated with gender. To facilitate diagnosis and take preventive measures, men's and women's risk factors for poor mental health should be differentiated.

Los "small worlds" y el algoritmo de Floyd: una manera de estudiar la colaboración científica / The Small Worlds and the Floyd’s algorithm: a way to study the scientific collaboration

Desde el análisis de las redes sociales aplicadas al estudio de la colaboración científica se han realizado numerosas propuestas en los últimos años. La teoría Small Worlds parece ser la que obtiene un perfil más eficaz para estudiar las características propias de la comunidad científica. Lo que todos estos estudios han demostrado es que las comunidades pequeñas se basan en unos cuantos individuos clave que vinculan a unos grupos que, de lo contrario, estarían desconectados. Uno de los inconvenientes desde la perspectiva del análisis de redes es la falta de estudios sobre los nodos particulares. Con la implementación de un pseudocódigo algoritmo de Floyd tratamos de salvar esta carencia. También, y como estudio de un caso, observamos el colegio invisible que se conformaría al unir los 15 autores más productivos del Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, explicando de esta manera cómo se configura una comunidad pequeña

Many proposals from the analysis of social networks focused on the study of scientific collaboration have been made recently. The Small Worlds theory seems to be the most efficient to study the inner features of the scientific community. Those researches have demonstrated that small communities are based on some key individuals who connect some groups which, on the contrary, would be disconnected. One of the disadvantages from the prospective of the analysis of networks is the lack of researches of particular nodes. With the implementation of a pseudogical algorism of Floyd, we try to avoid this. To study how a small community is formed and, as a research of one case, we observe the invisible college which is formed when connecting the fifteen most productive authors of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

[The Small Worlds and Floyd's algorithms: a way to study scientific collaboration]. / Los "Small Worlds" y el algoritmo de Floyd: una manera de estudiar la colaboración científica.

Many proposals from the analysis of social networks focused on the study of scientific collaboration have been made recently. The Small Worlds theory seems to be the most efficient to study the inner features of the scientific community. Those researches have demonstrated that small communities are based on some key individuals who connect some groups which, on the contrary, would be disconnected. One of the disadvantages from the perspective of the analysis of networks is the lack of researches of particular nodes. With the implementation of a pseudocode algorithm of Floyd, we try to avoid this. To study how a small community is formed and, as a research of one case, we observe the invisible college which is formed when connecting the fifteen most productive authors of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology .

Veinte años de Anales de Psicología: Una revista con raíces académicas (1984-2004) / Twenty years of Anales de Psicologia: A journal with academic roots (1984-2004)

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los trabajos publicados en la revista Anales de Psicología, y estudiar su trayectoria científica en el campo de la psicología. El período estudiado abarca 21 años de evolución de la revista, desde 1984 a 2004, aunque hemos de tener en cuenta que en el año 1988, no se editó, y por tanto los años analizados son 20. En base a una metodología bibliométrica, se examinan los trabajos publicados en cuanto a su número y promedio por año; la productividad de los autores y los lazos de colaboración entre ellos, mostrando así los colegios invisibles más relevantes. Además, se realiza un análisis minucioso de las instituciones a las que pertenecen dichos autores, y el porcentaje de género entre los investigadores que publican en Anales de Psicología

This paper focuses on the publications of the journal Anales de Psicología, analysing the scientific growth in the field of psychology. The period of time studied covers the last 21 years evolution of the Journal, from 1984 to 2004, although we must realize that in 1988 this journal was not published, and for that reason we have just analysed 20 years. Regarding the bibliometric methodology, published researches have been ana-lysed focusing on its number and average per year, authors per research, distribution of their productivity and collaboration links between them, disclosing the most relevant invisible schools. Moreover, it has been performed not only a detailed analysis of the institutions to which authors belong but also gender percentage between researchers who publish in Anales de Psicología